Understanding why and how decisions are made has been a central focus of neuroscience for several decades. The decision-making process helps humans and animals to decide the optimal course of action amongst other potential options, requiring the constant updating and integration of previous and current information to forecast future outcomes. To assist with decision making, organisms form states, each of which contains the associative information necessary for guiding behaviors under a certain circumstance. Impairments to state formation and selection can cause suboptimal decision making, leading to ineffective actions and poor outcomes.