Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by immune-mediated destruction of myelin in the central nervous system, resulting in disrupted nerve conduction and progressive neurological disability. Disease manifestations include sensory, motor, visual, and autonomic dysfunction. MS prevalence varies with geography, genetics, sex, and environmental factors. Although the precise cause is unknown, evidence supports a complex interaction between genetic susceptibility, environmental triggers, and immune dysregulation that leads to inflammatory demyelination and axonal injury.
