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Abstract
This retrospective cohort study compared maternal and neonatal outcomes among low‑risk primiparous women undergoing planned primary cesarean delivery with labor, planned primary cesarean delivery without labor, and vaginal delivery. Hospital delivery discharge data were analyzed for low‑risk women who delivered a term singleton infant in California in 2002. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess associations between mode of delivery and maternal and neonatal morbidity. Maternal outcomes included hemorrhage, transfusion, uterine rupture, hysterectomy, cardiac complications, anesthetic complications, and major infection. This study aimed to clarify the relative risks associated with delivery route in low‑risk first‑time mothers.