Obesity is one of the leading causes of preventable disease and death in the United States. Obesity treatment is critical for mitigating the detrimental effects of obesity on early disability, disease burden, and quality of life. Investigation of bariatric surgery outcomes among Medicaid patients is a critical step in informing appropriate obesity treatment guidelines for low-income patient populations with severe obesity. This dissertation aimed to evaluate the long-term success of bariatric surgical care in Medicaid beneficiaries, compared to commercially insured patients by 1.) systematically summarizing the existing evidence, 2.) assessing long-term weight loss and regain patterns, and 3.) determining the changes to comorbidity prevalence over time.