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Abstract

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for one in five of all cancer deaths worldwide. Most patients are diagnosed at advanced stages, resulting in a 5-year survival rate of less than 20%. Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for PD-L1 and PD-1 have received FDA approval for the treatment of NSCLC. However, only a small subset of patients (15-20%) respond to ICIs, and many of these responders eventually relapse. Doxorubicin (DOX) is an FDA-approved chemotherapeutic used in treating many cancers, including lung cancer. However, it has dose-dependent toxicity and patients develop resistance to DOX over time.

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