Economic, clinical, and humanistic outcomes in patients implanted with the HeartMate II LVAS: a single center experience

Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome rather than a disease and can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricle to fill with or eject blood. Although the cardinal manifestations of HF are dyspnea and fatigue that limit exercise tolerance, and fluid retention that leads to pulmonary congestion and peripheral edema, physical manifestations of HF are heterogeneous. For example, patients with dyspnea and fatigue may not present with signs and symptoms of fluid overload and pulmonary congestion and those with fluid overload may not present with fatigue and dyspnea.