Self-efficacy is a central component to mental wellness and resilience across the lifespan. At the group level, children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have low self-efficacy, but little is known about mechanisms supporting development of self-efficacy in this group. Here, we focus on parental criticism "one important aspect of the parent-child relationship" and its prospective relationship to self-efficacy in children with and without ADHD. We hypothesize that low parental criticism in early childhood will prospectively predict higher self-efficacy in later childhood and adolescence.