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Abstract
The brain is highly sensitive to disruptions in homeostasis caused by hypoxia, ischemia, or excitotoxicity, yet it can activate endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms. This work explores how Toll-like receptor stimulation and adenosine augmentation therapy confer prophylactic neuroprotection and restore balance after injury. Findings suggest that adenosine surges trigger epigenetic reprogramming, including DNA methylation changes, which may underlie ischemic tolerance. These insights highlight epigenetic modulation as a promising therapeutic strategy. Approaches such as localized adenosine delivery via biodegradable polymers could advance rapidly to clinical use, offering new avenues for treating neurological injuries and disease.