Bone defects may occur after trauma, infection, or oncologic resection. Autologous bone grafting is the current treatment option; however, grafting is limited in the case of more severe injuries, and the creation of donor site injuries may cause infection and scarring. Therefore, it is essential to develop biomaterials that are inherently osteoinductive and biologically active with live cells. We have recently found that embedding human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) within nanoscale-mineralized collagen constructs can significantly promote osteogenic differentiation than conventional osteoinductive supplements.