This dissertation focuses on brain aging and neurodegeneration, specifically in the context of healthy brain aging versus Alzheimer's disease (AD). To study these processes, a translational model of human aging is necessitated; therefore, this dissertation will focus on the rhesus macaque's utility in modeling clinically normative and pathological brain aging. Protein-level consequences of central nervous system (CNS) aging in monkeys will be experimentally explored and discussed in comparison to concomitant clinical phenotypes.